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Related Concept Videos

Threats to Biodiversity01:50

Threats to Biodiversity

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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the human population. Humans require properly functioning ecosystems to maintain our supply of natural resources, including food, medicines, and building materials.
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Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a...
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

At-Risk Butterfly Captive Propagation Programs to Enhance Life History Knowledge and Effective Ex Situ Conservation Techniques
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Managing the wildlife tourism commons.

Enrico Pirotta, David Lusseau

    Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America
    |July 29, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Wildlife tourism management is key for conservation and economic viability. Tax and subsidy or cap-and-trade systems, especially when combined, offer sustainable solutions for managing wildlife resources.

    Area of Science:

    • Conservation Science
    • Ecological Economics
    • Wildlife Management

    Background:

    • Nonlethal impacts of wildlife tourism can jeopardize animal conservation status.
    • Resource depletion from tourism threatens the economic sustainability of the industry.
    • Wildlife tourism resources can become common pool resources requiring effective management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the socioecological sustainability of different wildlife tourism management regimes.
    • To assess the sensitivity of management schemes to uncertainties in implementation and population knowledge.

    Main Methods:

    • A simulation approach was employed to test various management regimes: tax, tax and subsidy, cap, and cap and trade.
    • Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of each scenario under realistic uncertainties.

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    Main Results:

    • Management scenarios involving time quotas enforced through tax and subsidy, or cap and trade, showed higher sustainability.
    • Sustainable outcomes were achievable even with simple rational economic decision-making by operators.
    • Combined tax/subsidy and cap/trade regimes appear robust, particularly at small spatial scales under self-organized governance.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management regimes are crucial for balancing wildlife conservation and tourism economic viability.
    • Tax and subsidy or cap-and-trade systems offer promising pathways to socioecologically sustainable wildlife tourism.
    • Simulation platforms can serve as valuable tools for testing and refining governance solutions for specific case studies.