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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Transcription in Prokaryotes01:28

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Transcription is a highly regulated process that converts genetic information into RNA molecules. The transcription cycle is divided into three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each driven by specific molecular mechanisms.Initiation of TranscriptionIn bacteria, transcription begins when the RNA polymerase core enzyme associates with a sigma factor to form a holoenzyme. For example, the E. coli sigma factor called σ70 forms a holoenzyme, which recognizes the -10 (Pribnow...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Measuring the Kinetics of mRNA Transcription in Single Living Cells
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Measuring the Kinetics of mRNA Transcription in Single Living Cells

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Two transcription pause elements underlie a σ70-dependent pause cycle.

Eric J Strobel1, Jeffrey W Roberts2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how DNA sequences regulate transcription pausing by RNA polymerase. The elemental pause site modulates the σ(70) factor

Keywords:
elemental pausefactor-dependent pausingtranscriptiontranscription pausingσ-dependent pausing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transcription elongation by RNA polymerase (RNAP) is regulated by DNA elements causing pauses.
  • σ(70) initiation factor binding sites induce pausing near phage promoters.
  • Elemental pause sites (EPS) are key components of σ(70)-dependent pauses and other regulatory elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and kinetically analyze the transcription cycle underlying σ(70)-dependent pausing.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic role of the elemental pause site in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed kinetic analysis of transcription cycles.
  • Investigation of σ(70)-dependent pausing mechanisms.
  • Characterization of elemental pause site function.

Main Results:

  • Identified a transcription cycle analogous to abortive cycling in σ(70)-dependent pausing.
  • Demonstrated that the elemental pause site modulates the rate of σ(70):DNA interaction disengagement.
  • Revealed distinct mechanistic contributions of multiple pause-inducing components.

Conclusions:

  • The σ(70)-dependent pause-encoding region is a multipartite regulatory element.
  • Multiple pause-inducing components contribute to the induction and maintenance of transcription pauses.
  • Understanding these pauses is crucial for gene regulation.