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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Flail Chest-I01:24

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Fractures of the Scapula.

Denise Ramponi1, Thomas White

  • 1School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania (Dr Ramponi); Heritage Valley Health System, Sewickley, Pennsylvania (Dr Ramponi); Department of Nursing, Edinboro University, Edinboro, Pennsylvania (Dr White); and Emergency Department and Occupational Medicine Department, St. Vincent's Health System, Erie, Pennsylvania (Dr White).

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal
|July 29, 2015
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Summary

Scapular fractures result from high-energy trauma and are often linked to severe injuries. Early suspicion and advanced imaging like 3D CT scans are crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these complex fractures.

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Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Care
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Scapular fractures are severe injuries resulting from high-energy trauma.
  • They are frequently associated with life-threatening concomitant injuries.
  • Diagnosis can be challenging, often missed on initial radiographic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of scapular fractures in high-energy trauma.
  • To emphasize diagnostic challenges and the role of advanced imaging.
  • To discuss treatment considerations and potential complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and injury mechanisms.
  • Emphasis on diagnostic modalities, particularly 3D CT scans.
  • Discussion of treatment algorithms based on fracture characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Scapular fractures indicate significant force and potential for severe associated injuries.
  • Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosis.
  • Treatment decisions depend on fracture location and displacement.

Conclusions:

  • A high index of suspicion is necessary for patients with high-energy upper posterior chest injuries.
  • Accurate diagnosis using 3D CT is vital.
  • Proper evaluation and timely treatment are essential to prevent complications.