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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

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Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
3.3K
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

3.2K
Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the...
3.2K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

5.6K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
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iChip01:24

iChip

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The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...
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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Graphene kirigami.

Melina K Blees1, Arthur W Barnard2, Peter A Rose1

  • 1Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

Nature
|July 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graphene can be cut and folded (kirigami) into microscale structures with tunable mechanical properties. Ripples in graphene sheets significantly increase stiffness, enabling applications in micro-mechanical devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Origami and kirigami are traditional paper-folding and cutting arts, adapted for creating 3D structures.
  • These techniques are being explored for fabricating microscale structures from advanced 2D materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the suitability of graphene for kirigami at the microscale.
  • To understand the mechanical properties of kirigami-patterned graphene structures.

Main Methods:

  • Graphene kirigami was performed on monolayer graphene sheets (10-100 micrometres).
  • The Föppl-von Kármán number (γ) was determined by measuring bending stiffness.
  • Interferometric imaging was used to analyze membrane structure and identify ripples.

Main Results:

  • Graphene is well-suited for kirigami, enabling the creation of robust microscale structures.
  • Measured bending stiffness of graphene was thousands of times higher than predicted, due to ripples.
  • The Föppl-von Kármán number (γ) of rippled graphene is comparable to paper, indicating ease of bending.
  • Kirigami-patterned graphene exhibits tunable mechanical properties.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene kirigami is a viable method for fabricating microscale mechanical metamaterials.
  • Ripples in graphene significantly enhance its bending stiffness, making it suitable for kirigami.
  • This approach allows for the creation of resilient, movable microscale components like springs and hinges.