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Related Concept Videos

P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
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Finely Tuned Polymer Interlayers Enhance Solar Cell Efficiency.

Yao Liu1, Zachariah A Page1, Thomas P Russell2

  • 1Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conjugated polymer zwitterions (CPZs) with naphthalene diimide (NDI) backbones significantly boosted polymer solar cell (PSC) efficiencies to over 10%. These NDI-based CPZs function as effective interlayers, enhancing device performance.

Keywords:
dipolesinterfacial layerspolymerspower conversion efficiencysolar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Organic solar cells (OSCs) require efficient charge transport and interfacial engineering for improved performance.
  • Conjugated polymer zwitterions (CPZs) offer unique electronic properties for potential use in OSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel conjugated polymer zwitterions (CPZs) with thiophene, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and naphthalene diimide (NDI) backbones.
  • To investigate the performance of these CPZs as interlayers in polymer solar cells (PSCs).

Main Methods:

  • A2 + B2 Suzuki polymerization was employed to synthesize CPZs with pendant sulfobetaine groups.
  • CPZs were integrated as interlayers between the photoactive layer and silver cathode in PSC devices.
  • Device performance was evaluated using power conversion efficiency (PCE) measurements.
  • Spectroscopic techniques including ultraviolet photoelectron and reflectance spectroscopy, along with external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements, were used for characterization.

Main Results:

  • Thiophene-based CPZs resulted in PSCs with PCEs around 5%.
  • Narrow-energy-gap DPP- and NDI-based CPZs demonstrated significantly higher PCEs of 9.49% and 10.19%, respectively.
  • The performance of DPP- and NDI-CPZ interlayers showed minimal dependence on thickness, attributed to their electron-transport capabilities.
  • NDI-based CPZ interlayers are among the best performing for organic solar cells reported.

Conclusions:

  • CPZs, particularly those with NDI backbones, are highly effective interlayers for enhancing PSC performance.
  • The electron-transport properties of NDI-CPZs contribute to their excellent performance and minimal thickness dependency.
  • These findings highlight the potential of NDI-based CPZs for use in high-performance, stable organic solar cells.