Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

3.7K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
3.7K
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

840
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
840
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

706
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
706
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.6K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.6K
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

1.3K
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
1.3K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

9.1K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
9.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Glucagon-like peptide-1 signaling in learning and memory: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.

Biological psychiatry·2026
Same author

Early ingestive experience with a high-fat diet tunes satiation and nutrient-specific appetitive behaviors.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

NeuroBoricuas: A Culturally Rooted Approach to Neuroscience Outreach and Research Training.

eNeuro·2025
Same author

Repeated toluene inhalation in male and female adolescent rats induces persistent drug preference and impairs cognitive and social behavior.

Psychopharmacology·2024
Same author

A novel epigenetic clock for rhesus macaques unveils an association between early life adversity and epigenetic age acceleration.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Osteocyte Sptbn1 Deficiency Alters Cell Survival and Mechanotransduction Following Formation of Plasma Membrane Disruptions (PMD) from Mechanical Loading.

Calcified tissue international·2024
Same journal

Assessing circuit function in the developing <i>Xenopus</i> tadpole: a survey of the behavioral toolkit and underlying neural substrates.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Dawn of the dread: threatening cinematic virtual reality environments enhance general but not specific pavlovian-instrumental transfer.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Transcranial alternating current stimulation improves cognitive functions in healthy subjects through modifying frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks based on personalized individual theta frequency analysis.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Functional loss of PKMζ in the dorsal hippocampus potentiates the time-dependent increase in false contextual fear memory and impairs spatial recognition memory in mice.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Distinct orbitofrontal circuits with dorsal and ventral CA1 differentially regulate spatial memory and emotional behaviors.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Towards a neurophysiological model of kundalini: a theoretical framework informed by preliminary clinical observations.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning
06:03

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning

Published on: February 16, 2024

3.2K

Persistent active avoidance correlates with activity in prelimbic cortex and ventral striatum.

Christian Bravo-Rivera1, Ciorana Roman-Ortiz1, Marlian Montesinos-Cartagena1

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|August 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent avoidance in anxiety disorders may not stem from fear extinction deficits. Brain activity in prelimbic cortex and ventral striatum, not infralimbic cortex or basal amygdala, correlated with persistent avoidance.

Keywords:
amygdalac-Fosfear extinctionfreezinginfralimbic

More Related Videos

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.6K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning
06:03

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning

Published on: February 16, 2024

3.2K
Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.6K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Persistent avoidance is a key symptom in anxiety disorders, often resisting extinction therapies.
  • The neural circuits underlying persistent avoidance are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural circuitry associated with persistent active avoidance.
  • To determine if persistent avoidance is linked to deficits in fear extinction.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were trained on a platform-mediated active avoidance task.
  • Brain activity was assessed using c-Fos immuno-labeling in different experimental conditions.
  • Fear extinction was manipulated by altering platform availability during training.

Main Results:

  • Failure to extinguish avoidance correlated with increased activity in prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL) and ventral striatum (VS), and decreased activity in infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL) and basal amygdala (BA).
  • When fear extinction was successful but avoidance persisted, increased activity was observed in PL and VS, but not IL or BA.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent avoidance can be dissociated from deficits in fear extinction.
  • Specific neural circuits, including the PL and VS, are implicated in maintaining persistent avoidance, independent of fear extinction processes.