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Opioids - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior.

P R Stout1, L J Farrell2

  • 1Navy Drug Screening Laboratory, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Forensic Science Review
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Opioid medications like codeine and morphine can impair driving ability, especially in new users. Long-term opioid use may lessen these performance effects, with factors like personality also playing a role.

Keywords:
Codeinedriving under the influence of opioidshydrocodonehydromorphonemethadonemorphineopioidsoxycodoneperformance testing

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Forensic Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Opioid medications are widely prescribed for pain management.
  • Concerns exist regarding the impact of opioids on performance, particularly driving.
  • Expert witnesses require comprehensive data on opioid effects for legal testimony.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize existing literature on selected opioids and their effects on performance, specifically driving.
  • To provide information for expert witnesses regarding opioid-related impairment.
  • To consolidate data on the pharmacology and performance impacts of common opioids.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of performance studies related to opioids.
  • Summary of acute and chronic pharmacology.
  • Inclusion of pharmacokinetic and metabolism data for relevant opioids.

Main Results:

  • Opioids can impair psychomotor functioning essential for driving.
  • Impairment is more pronounced in individuals without prior opioid exposure.
  • Chronic opioid users exhibit less significant impairment compared to naive individuals.
  • Factors like personality, environment, and pain control modulate opioid-induced impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Opioid use is associated with impaired performance, particularly in complex tasks like driving.
  • Tolerance to opioid-induced impairment develops with long-term use.
  • Individual variability significantly influences the degree of opioid-related performance deficits.