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[Urban ecosystem services: A review].

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    Urban ecosystem services are vital for sustainable development and human well-being. This review highlights their characteristics, trade-offs, and the crucial role of landscape design in enhancing these essential urban ecological benefits.

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    Area of Science:

    • Urban Ecology
    • Environmental Science
    • Landscape Architecture

    Background:

    • Maintaining and improving ecosystem services in urban areas is crucial for sustainable development.
    • Urban ecology increasingly focuses on the complex interactions between human activities and natural systems in cities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and summarize studies on urban ecosystem services.
    • To identify key characteristics, challenges, and future research directions in urban ecosystem services.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of studies on urban ecosystem services.
    • Analysis based on the concept and classification of urban ecosystem services.

    Main Results:

    • Urban ecosystem services are characterized by human domination, high demand, spatial heterogeneity, and temporal dynamics.
    • Green infrastructure provides multiple services, but trade-offs exist, particularly between supportive/regulating and cultural services.
    • Regulating and cultural services are indispensable for human health.

    Conclusions:

    • Landscape design, specifically green infrastructure, is critical for urban ecosystem services supply.
    • Gaps exist in linking urban ecosystem services research to practical landscape design and management.
    • Future research should focus on integrating ecological knowledge into urban planning and design.