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Related Concept Videos

Isomerism02:43

Isomerism

25.7K
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
14.7K
Stereoisomers02:32

Stereoisomers

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On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to...
19.6K
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.9K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights
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IsomiRs have functional importance.

Geok Chin Tan1, Nicholas Dibb

  • 1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Department of Pathology, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. tan_geok_chin@yahoo.com.

The Malaysian Journal of Pathology
|August 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

IsomiRs, variations of microRNAs, can alter gene regulation by targeting different messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Understanding isomiR function is crucial for grasping microRNA complexity and therapeutic potential.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • IsomiRs are sequence variants of microRNAs (miRNAs) consistently detected across various cell types using deep sequencing.
  • These variations, differing in length from canonical miRNA sequences in miRBase, arise from nucleotide additions or deletions at the 5' or 3' ends.
  • The miRNA seed sequence at the 5' end is critical for target recognition, suggesting isomiRs may bind to different messenger RNAs (mRNAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of research investigating the functional significance of isomiRs.
  • To explore the potential of isomiRs to target distinct mRNA sets compared to their canonical counterparts.
  • To introduce RNA sponges as a method for inhibiting isomiR activity.

Main Methods:

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  • Review of existing literature on isomiR characterization and function.
  • Analysis of studies examining isomiR incorporation into Argonaute proteins.
  • Examination of research on differential isomiR expression in tissues and cell lines.
  • Comparison of mRNA targets between canonical miRNAs and their isomiRs.

    • Main Results:

    • IsomiRs can be incorporated into Argonaute proteins, indicating functional relevance.
    • Differential expression patterns of isomiRs exist across various tissue types and cell lines.
    • IsomiRs, particularly 5'-isomiRs, exhibit the potential to target different mRNA molecules than canonical miRNAs due to variations in their seed regions.
    • RNA sponges have been proposed as a strategy to modulate isomiR levels.

    Conclusions:

    • IsomiRs represent a significant layer of microRNA regulation with the potential to expand the regulatory repertoire beyond canonical miRNAs.
    • Further research into isomiR biology is warranted to fully understand their roles in gene expression and disease.
    • The distinct targeting capabilities of isomiRs suggest they may hold therapeutic value, with RNA sponges offering a potential intervention strategy.