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Randomized Experiments

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Published on: March 17, 2023

Visual Acuity Testing Using a Random Method Visual Acuity Application.

Soolienah Rhiu¹, Hye Jin Lee², Yong Sook Goo³

¹1 Department of Ophthalmology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine , Hwaseong, Korea.

Telemedicine Journal and E-Health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association

|August 18, 2015

Summary

This study found that an iPad visual acuity (VA) application using a mirroring technique showed good agreement with standard clinical tests for normally sighted adults. The app offers a convenient and accessible alternative for VA testing.

Keywords:

Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart application iPad visual acuity visual acuity chart visual assessment

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Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

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Published on: January 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Medical Technology
Vision Science

Background:

A novel visual acuity (VA) testing application for iPad was developed utilizing a mirroring technique and cognoscibility-categorized letters.
The application aims to provide a portable and accessible method for VA assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the agreement between distance VA measurements obtained from the iPad application and standard clinical VA tests in adults with normal vision.

Main Methods:

Forty-three normally sighted subjects underwent VA testing using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart.
Results were compared with the iPad application, which included Snellen, Tumbling E, Landolt C, and Arabic figure charts.
Agreement was assessed using 95% limits of agreement, with retesting after a 10-minute break.

Main Results:

No significant difference in log minutes of arc (logMAR) VA was found between the ETDRS chart and the iPad Snellen or Arabic figure charts.
The ETDRS chart yielded significantly better logMAR VA compared to the iPad Tumbling E and Landolt C charts (p < 0.01).
Subjects exhibited chart letter memory for ETDRS, Tumbling E, and Landolt C charts, but not for the iPad Snellen or Arabic figure charts.

Conclusions:

The iPad-based VA application demonstrates comparable repeatability to existing measures.
It presents a rapid, convenient, portable, and accessible alternative for certain VA testing scenarios.
The mirroring technique enhances the portability and accessibility of VA charts.