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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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The Vestibular System01:29

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Stochastic Noise Application for the Assessment of Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neuron Sensitivity In Vitro
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Caloric vestibular stimulation modulates nociceptive evoked potentials.

Elisa Raffaella Ferrè1, Patrick Haggard2, Gabriella Bottini3,4

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK. e.ferre@ucl.ac.uk.

Experimental Brain Research
|August 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) temporarily reduced pain perception and associated brain responses. This suggests vestibular input can modulate the nervous system

Keywords:
AnalgesiaCaloric vestibular stimulationLaser-evoked potentialsMultisensory modulationNociceptionVestibular system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Vestibular System

Background:

  • Vestibular stimulation is known to affect central pain.
  • Interactions between vestibular signals and somatosensory circuits, including nociception, are well-documented.
  • Neural mechanisms of vestibular-induced analgesia are not fully understood, with non-specific effects like placebo or distraction being potential confounders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of vestibular input on nociception.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms of vestibular-induced analgesia.
  • To differentiate specific vestibular effects from non-specific effects in pain modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Combined caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) with laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) in human participants.
  • Assessed psychophysical pain intensity and electrocortical responses to nociceptive laser stimuli.
  • Utilized cold water CVS applied to one ear.

Main Results:

  • Cold water CVS to the left ear significantly reduced subjective pain intensity for laser stimuli applied to the left hand immediately after stimulation compared to baseline and 1-hour follow-up.
  • This analgesic effect correlated with a reduced amplitude of all LEP components, including the N1 wave.
  • The N1 wave reduction indicates modulation of early nociceptive processing in the primary somatosensory cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Cold left ear CVS modulates both nociceptive processing and pain perception.
  • The observed analgesic effect of CVS may involve subcortical gating of ascending nociceptive signals.
  • Alternatively, vestibular stimulation might directly modulate activity within the primary somatosensory cortex.