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Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Published on: July 26, 2019

A clinically useful simplified blastocyst grading system.

Alison Richardson¹, Sophie Brearley², Saran Ahitan²

¹Nurture Fertility, The East Midlands Fertility Clinic, Nottingham NG10 5QG, UK; Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.

Reproductive Biomedicine Online

|August 19, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new simplified blastocyst grading system effectively predicts IVF outcomes, showing decreased implantation and pregnancy rates with lower embryo quality. This system offers substantial agreement among observers, proving clinically useful.

Keywords:

blastocyst grading variability

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Morphometric Protocol for the Objective Assessment of Blastocyst Behavior During Vitrification and Warming Steps

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Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Published on: July 26, 2019

Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

Published on: March 2, 2017

Morphometric Protocol for the Objective Assessment of Blastocyst Behavior During Vitrification and Warming Steps

Morphometric Protocol for the Objective Assessment of Blastocyst Behavior During Vitrification and Warming Steps

Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Embryology
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Background:

Blastocyst grading is crucial for predicting IVF success.
Existing grading systems can be complex and time-consuming.
A need exists for a simplified, clinically useful grading system.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the clinical utility of a new simplified blastocyst grading system.
To correlate embryo quality based on the new system with IVF outcomes.
To assess the reliability and agreement of the simplified grading system among embryologists.

Main Methods:

A simplified blastocyst grading system (Grades A, B, C) was developed.
Day-5 single embryo transfers (2009-2012) were analyzed for implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates.
Five embryologists graded 80 day-5 embryo images twice to assess inter- and intra-observer agreement.

Main Results:

Implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates significantly decreased with poorer embryo quality (P < 0.01).
Substantial inter-observer agreement was achieved for both grade allocation (K=0.63) and clinical decision-making (K=0.66).
Intra-observer agreement ranged from substantial to almost perfect for grading and clinical fate determination.

Conclusions:

The simplified blastocyst grading system is clinically useful and effectively predicts IVF outcomes.
The system demonstrates high levels of agreement among embryologists, comparable or superior to complex systems.
Its ease of use and predictive accuracy make it a valuable tool in IVF practice.