Probing the impact of temperature on molecular events in a developmental system

A well-appreciated general feature of development is the ability to achieve a normal outcome despite the inevitable variability at molecular, genetic, or environmental levels. But it is not well understood how changes in a global factor such as temperature bring about specific challenges to a developmental system in molecular terms. Here we address this question using early Drosophila embryos where the maternal gradient Bicoid (Bcd) instructs anterior-patterning (AP) patterning. We show that temperature can impact the amplitude of the Bcd gradient in the embryo. To evaluate how molecular decisions are made at different temperatures, we quantify Bcd concentrations and the expression of its target gene hunchback (hb) in individual embryos. Our results suggest a relatively robust Bcd concentration threshold in inducing hb transcription within a temperature range. Our results also reveal a complex nature of the effects of temperature on the progressions of developmental and molecular events of the embryo. Our study thus advances the concept of developmental robustness by quantitatively elaborating specific features and challenges-imposed by changes in temperature-that an embryo must resolve.