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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Intestinal Microbiota and Celiac Disease: Cause, Consequence or Co-Evolution?

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Intestinal dysbiosis is linked to celiac disease (CD) and its symptoms. Host genetics and environmental factors interact with the gut microbiota, influencing CD development and pathogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Immunology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Celiac Disease Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Intestinal microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) are frequently observed in celiac disease (CD) patients.
  • Dysbiosis may contribute to persistent gastrointestinal symptoms in treated CD patients.
  • The gluten-free diet (GFD) significantly impacts gut microbiota composition, complicating research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on host-microbe interactions in celiac disease.
  • To explore how host genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors shape the gut microbiota and influence CD risk.
  • To summarize potential mechanisms of intestinal microbiota in CD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on celiac disease and gut microbiota.
  • Analysis of studies investigating host genetics, environmental factors, and their impact on microbiota composition.
  • Synthesis of data on the role of microbiota in CD development and symptom persistence.

Main Results:

  • CD host genotype influences early infant gut colonization.
  • Environmental factors and host genetics interact to modulate microbiota and gluten tolerance.
  • Intestinal dysbiosis may promote abnormal immune responses to gluten in susceptible individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Host genetics and environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiota in celiac disease.
  • Intestinal microbiota is implicated in both the initiation and perpetuation of celiac disease.
  • Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the causal relationship between dysbiosis and CD.