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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Establishing the human naïve pluripotent state.

Yair S Manor1, Rada Massarwa1, Jacob H Hanna1

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Pluripotency in early development transitions from naïve to primed states. In vitro culture conditions using specific factors can preserve distinct pluripotent stem cell states in humans and rodents.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotency is established in the inner-cell-mass of blastocysts and transitions through naïve and primed states during development.
  • These pluripotent states exhibit distinct molecular and functional characteristics.
  • In vitro culture allows for the artificial preservation of pluripotent stem cells using exogenous factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overview pluripotent states captured from rodents and humans under various in vitro conditions.
  • To provide a conceptual framework for classifying different pluripotent cell states.
  • To highlight the complexity and dynamic nature of human in vitro pluripotent states.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pluripotent stem cell states in rodents and humans.
  • Analysis of molecular and functional characteristics of different pluripotent states.
  • Conceptual framework development for classification based on retained characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Different exogenous factors applied in vitro result in distinct configurations of pluripotency.
  • These configurations influence stem cell characteristics in both mice and humans.
  • Human in vitro pluripotent states are complex and dynamic.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the different configurations of pluripotency is crucial for stem cell research.
  • A unified framework aids in classifying and comparing diverse pluripotent states.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the dynamics of human in vitro pluripotent states.