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Flame Photometry: Lab

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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

A Simple Dewar/Cryostat for Thermally Equilibrating Samples at Known Temperatures for Accurate Cryogenic Luminescence Measurements

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Temperature Nonequilibration during Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence.

David J Flannigan¹, Kenneth S Suslick²

¹†Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

|August 21, 2015

Summary

Single-bubble sonoluminescence reveals vibrationally excited sulfur monoxide (SO) and hot neon atoms. This suggests SO forms at the bubble interface via collisions with fast neon atoms.

Keywords:

bubble cavitation emission plasma sonochemistry

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Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Acoustics
Spectroscopy

Background:

Single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) spectra are rich for low vapor pressure liquids like mineral acids.
Understanding the extreme conditions within SBSL bubbles is crucial for mechanistic insights.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the emission spectra from aqueous sulfuric acid with dissolved neon during SBSL.
To determine the formation mechanism and conditions of excited species within the bubble.

Main Methods:

Analysis of rovibronic emission spectra from SBSL in aqueous sulfuric acid with neon.
Temperature determination for sulfur monoxide (SO) and neon atoms based on spectral data.

Main Results:

Observation of vibrationally hot (Tv = 2100 K) and rotationally cold (Tr = 290 K) sulfur monoxide (SO).
Estimation of neon atom temperatures in the thousands of Kelvin, indicating non-equilibrium conditions.
Evidence for SO formation at the liquid-vapor interface via collisions with fast neon atoms.

Conclusions:

The observed non-equilibrium temperatures support a mechanism of dynamically constrained SO formation.
Fast neon atoms generated during bubble collapse collide with interfacial species, leading to SO formation and light emission.
This study provides a mechanistic understanding of light emission processes in SBSL.