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Cancer Prevention02:59

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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The current thinking on colorectal cancer.

P Spreadborough, C Doran

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    |August 22, 2015
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    Summary

    Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing concern, particularly in the UK military. Early diagnosis of this common cancer is crucial for reducing mortality, even in younger individuals.

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Military Medicine

    Background:

    • Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, with increasing incidence.
    • While rare in those under 40, CRC is a significant concern in the military population.
    • Genetically predisposed individuals face an 80-100% lifetime risk of CRC, often presenting during service.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an overview of colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology, investigations, and treatment.
    • To detail primary surgical options for CRC.
    • To explain adjuvant therapy principles for informed patient discussions.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of colorectal cancer (CRC) epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • Synthesis of information on surgical interventions and adjuvant therapies.

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  • Focus on early diagnosis and risk factors relevant to the military population.

    • Main Results:

    • CRC incidence is rising, with a notable impact on the military.
    • Early diagnosis significantly reduces CRC mortality.
    • Metastatic disease presents in 20% of patients at diagnosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Awareness of colorectal cancer (CRC) is vital in the military, including younger personnel.
    • Understanding genetic predispositions and early symptoms aids timely diagnosis.
    • Comprehensive knowledge of surgical and adjuvant treatments improves patient outcomes and discussions.