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Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

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Eccentric and isometric shoulder rotator cuff strength testing using a hand-held dynamometer: reference values for

Ann M J Cools¹, Fran Vanderstukken², Frédéric Vereecken²

¹Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 2B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. ann.cools@ugent.be.

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Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study establishes a normative database for rotator cuff strength in overhead athletes, revealing significant differences based on side, gender, and sport. Normalizing strength to body weight and considering intermuscular ratios are crucial for injury prevention and return-to-play assessments.

Keywords:

Hand-held dynamometer Injury prevention Normative database Rotator cuff strength

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Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Biomechanics
Orthopedics

Background:

Overhead athletes require regular assessment of rotator cuff (RC) strength for injury prevention and return-to-play protocols.
Existing literature lacks a normative database for isometric and eccentric RC strength measured with a hand-held dynamometer (HHD).

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a normative database for isometric and eccentric RC strength in overhead athletes.
To investigate differences in RC strength based on gender, age, and specific sports disciplines.
To provide science-based guidelines for injury prevention and return-to-play decisions.

Main Methods:

A diagnostic study (Level III) involving 201 overhead athletes (18-50 years old) from tennis, volleyball, and handball.
Hand-held dynamometry (HHD) was used to measure isometric and eccentric internal (IR) and external (ER) rotator cuff strength in various shoulder positions.
Outcome variables included isometric ER and IR strength, eccentric ER strength, and intermuscular ER/IR ratios.

Main Results:

Significant differences in isometric and eccentric RC strength were observed across different sides, genders, and sports disciplines.
When normalized to body weight, gender-based strength differences were often negligible.
Strength was generally greater on the dominant side, in male athletes, and in handball players. Intermuscular ER/IR ratios also varied by gender, sport, and side.

Conclusions:

The developed normative database is essential for clinicians evaluating RC strength in overhead athletes.
Normalization to body weight and calculation of intermuscular ratios are critical for preventive screening and return-to-play decisions.
This data supports evidence-based practices for managing RC health in overhead athletes.