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Related Concept Videos

Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
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Dissociative Amnesia01:21

Dissociative Amnesia

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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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False Memories01:18

False Memories

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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
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Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Autobiographical Memory01:14

Autobiographical Memory

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Autobiographical memory is a unique type of episodic memory that involves recollecting personal life experiences. It allows individuals to remember significant events from their past, creating a narrative of their lives. One interesting phenomenon related to autobiographical memory is the reminiscence bump. This effect refers to the tendency of adults to recall more events from their second and third decades of life — typically between ages 10 to 30 — than from other periods. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

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Childhood amnesia.

Harlene Hayne1, Fiona Jack1

  • 1Psychology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science
|August 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Childhood amnesia, the inability to recall early memories, involves two distinct phases. Understanding neurological, cognitive, language, and social development is key to explaining this phenomenon.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Childhood amnesia describes the inability to recall memories from infancy and early childhood.
  • While Freud's concept is acknowledged, his repression explanation is not supported by empirical evidence.
  • Childhood amnesia is understood as a multi-phase phenomenon, not a singular event.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting a two-stage model of childhood amnesia.
  • To identify key developmental changes contributing to each phase of childhood amnesia.
  • To propose a comprehensive theoretical framework for childhood amnesia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of empirical investigations and existing literature on childhood amnesia.
  • Analysis of developmental changes across neurological, cognitive, linguistic, and social domains.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

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  • Rejection of Freud's repression theory in favor of a multi-faceted developmental explanation.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence supports childhood amnesia as a two-stage phenomenon.
    • Significant developmental shifts in neurological, cognitive, language, and social factors correlate with memory phases.
    • Freud's repression hypothesis is inconsistent with current empirical findings.

    Conclusions:

    • Childhood amnesia is a complex, multi-phase developmental process.
    • A comprehensive theory requires integrating neurological, cognitive, language, and social developmental factors.
    • Future research should focus on these integrated developmental aspects to explain childhood amnesia.