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Related Concept Videos

Reasoning01:30

Reasoning

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Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. This type of reasoning helps form beliefs about the world. For example,...
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
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Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
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Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Psychology is the scientific discipline dedicated to understanding both observable behavior and the internal mental processes underlying such behavior. It aims to comprehend human nature and apply this understanding to solve practical problems, enhance well-being, and improve societal outcomes. An example of psychology's application is the study of prosocial behavior, such as why and under what conditions individuals might help strangers in need. This process involves describing observed...
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Reasoning, logic, and psychology.

Keith Stenning1, Michiel van Lambalgen2

  • 1School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

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|August 25, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The psychology of reasoning is too narrow, obscuring its role in cognitive science. Broader logical conceptualizations reveal reasoning

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology of Reasoning
  • Formal Logic

Background:

  • The psychology of reasoning narrowly defines reasoning as classical logical validity.
  • This limited view renders reasoning's broader relevance to cognitive science largely invisible.
  • Current logical theorizing offers alternative, more expansive conceptualizations of reasoning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the narrow definition of reasoning in psychology.
  • To demonstrate broader applications of reasoning in cognitive processes.
  • To highlight the utility of formal logic as a cognitive modeling tool.

Main Methods:

  • Critically analyze the prevailing 'psychology of reasoning' paradigm.
  • Propose alternative conceptualizations of reasoning aligned with modern logic.
  • Illustrate the application of these broader concepts to psychological processes.

Main Results:

  • Reasoning can be conceptualized beyond classical logic, encompassing discourse comprehension and planning.
  • Formal logic, often marginalized, proves a valuable tool for cognitive modeling.
  • Logical models outperform probabilistic models in specific psychological contexts.

Conclusions:

  • A broader understanding of reasoning is crucial for cognitive science.
  • Formal logic offers powerful insights and modeling capabilities for psychological research.
  • Reintegrating logic enriches our understanding of human cognition.