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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Microbial predation refers to the process by which one microorganism kills and consumes another to obtain nutrients and energy. It encompasses both bacterial and protozoan predators. This interaction plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and regulating nutrient cycling.Bacterial Predators: Epibiotic vs. EndobioticBacterial predators are classified based on their mode of attack as either epibiotic or endobiotic. Epibiotic predators, such as Vampirococcus, attach to the surface of...
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Do native predators benefit from non-native prey?

Lauren M Pintor1,2, James E Byers2

  • 1School of Environment & Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.

Ecology Letters
|August 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-native prey often negatively impact native predators when studied alone. However, when available alongside native prey, invasive prey can supplement the food source, benefiting native predator populations.

Keywords:
Additive designsbiotic resistanceenemy release hypothesisinvasive speciesnon-native speciesnovel preyoptimal foraging theorypredator-prey interactionssubstitutive designs

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Invasive Species Biology
  • Predator-Prey Dynamics

Background:

  • While the predatory impact of invasive species is well-documented, their role as prey for native predators remains less understood.
  • Invasive prey could theoretically benefit native predators by expanding the prey base, but displacement of native prey complicates this effect.
  • Quantifying the net effect of invasive prey requires considering their abundance and nutritional value relative to native prey.

Discussion:

  • Meta-analysis reveals that invasive prey can negatively affect native predators when examined in isolation (substitutive designs).
  • However, when invasive and native prey are available simultaneously, native predator populations show significant increases.
  • This suggests invasive prey primarily function as a supplemental resource, despite potentially lower individual value.

Key Insights:

  • Invasive prey's impact on native predators is context-dependent, varying with study design.
  • Substitutive studies indicate potential negative or neutral effects of invasive prey alone.
  • Facilitative effects emerge when invasive prey coexist with native prey, boosting predator populations.

Outlook:

  • Further research should explore the long-term population dynamics and ecosystem-level consequences of invasive prey supplementation.
  • Investigating the specific nutritional contributions and behavioral interactions related to invasive prey is crucial.
  • Understanding these dynamics can inform invasive species management and conservation strategies for native predator communities.