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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
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Premenstrual syndrome.

Irene Kwan1, Joseph Loze Onwude

  • 1University of London, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|August 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Continuous hormonal treatments offer potential benefits for women experiencing premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This systematic overview evaluated the effectiveness and safety of various continuous hormonal therapies for managing PMS symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects a large percentage of reproductive-aged women, with severe symptoms impacting about 5%.
  • Lack of standardized symptom assessment complicates PMS treatment efficacy data synthesis.
  • The cyclical nature of PMS presents challenges for conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of continuous hormonal treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of specific continuous hormonal interventions for PMS.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic overview of existing literature up to April 2014.
  • Searched major medical databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.

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  • Included one systematic review and three RCTs in the final analysis, performing GRADE evaluations.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified and evaluated relevant studies on continuous hormonal treatments for PMS.
    • Assessed the effectiveness and safety profiles of the included interventions.
    • Synthesized data to categorize the efficacy of different treatment options.

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous hormonal treatments, including oral contraceptives, transdermal estradiol, and estradiol implants, were categorized based on efficacy.
    • The overview provides insights into the effectiveness and safety of these interventions for managing PMS.
    • Highlights the need for standardized assessment in PMS research.