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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
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Stress and cognition.

Carmen Sandi1

  • 1Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress impacts cognition differently based on its intensity, origin, and duration. Mild stress can enhance cognitive functions like implicit memory, while severe stress impairs complex reasoning and explicit memory formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Stress significantly influences cognitive functions, with outcomes varying based on stressor characteristics and cognitive task demands.
  • Factors such as stress intensity, origin (task-related vs. external), and duration (acute vs. chronic) critically modulate stress effects on cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex relationship between stress and cognitive performance.
  • To delineate how different stress parameters interact with specific cognitive operations and processing phases.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing research on stress and cognition.
  • Analysis of how stress intensity, origin, and duration affect various cognitive functions, including memory and reasoning.

Main Results:

  • Mild stress generally facilitates cognitive functions, particularly implicit memory and simple declarative tasks.
  • High or chronic stress impairs explicit memory and complex reasoning (hippocampus/prefrontal cortex-dependent) but enhances implicit memory and well-rehearsed tasks (amygdala/striatum-dependent).

Conclusions:

  • The impact of stress on cognition is multifaceted, depending on stressor characteristics and the specific cognitive process involved.
  • Individual differences, such as gender and age, further influence the cognitive effects of stress.