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Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

5.6K
The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles,...
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

10.7K
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
10.7K
The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

109.1K
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
109.1K
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

8.4K
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Specific Labeling of Mitochondrial Nucleoids for Time-lapse Structured Illumination Microscopy
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Evidence for chromosomal macronuclear substructures in Tetrahymena.

H M Seyfert

    The Journal of Protozoology
    |August 27, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study reveals distinct DNA content variations in Tetrahymena macronuclei and micronuclei, suggesting macronuclear structures originate from micronuclear chromosomes, advancing understanding of nuclear organization.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Genetics
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • The macronucleus and micronucleus of ciliates like Tetrahymena exhibit distinct DNA contents and functions.
    • Understanding the relationship between micronuclear chromosomes and macronuclear substructures is key to comprehending nuclear organization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify and compare DNA content in the macronuclei and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis HSM and Tetrahymena thermophila.
    • To investigate the structural basis of macronuclear DNA content and its relationship to micronuclear chromosomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Quantitative DNA analysis of macronuclei and micronuclei from T. pyriformis and T. thermophila.
    • A novel spreading technique to isolate macronuclear substructures from G2 to G1 phase cells.
    • Photometric determination of DNA content in individual macronuclear substructures.

    Main Results:

    • Tetrahymena pyriformis HSM macronuclei contain 7.4 × 10(-12) g DNA, and G2 micronuclei contain 0.42 × 10(-12) g.
    • Tetrahymena thermophila micronuclei possess twice the DNA content of T. pyriformis micronuclei.
    • Five distinct macronuclear substructure sizes were identified, with DNA content multiples of a basic value, suggesting derivation from micronuclear chromosomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Macronuclear substructures in Tetrahymena likely originate from micronuclear chromosomes, potentially oligotenic ones in T. pyriformis.
    • These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex organization and DNA content regulation within Tetrahymena nuclei.