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Updated: Apr 5, 2026

A Murine Model of Hemodialysis Access-Related Hand Dysfunction
Published on: May 31, 2022
Approach to the Swollen Arm With Chronic Dialysis Access: It's Not Just Deep Vein Thrombosis
Shilpa N Reddy1, Meghan C Boros1, Mindy M Horrow2
1Department of Radiology, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA.
Abstract:
The purposes of this pictorial essay are as follows: (1) Review a systematic approach to using sonography in the initial evaluation of patients with acute arm swelling and permanent dialysis access. (2) Identify normal grayscale and Doppler findings in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts. (3) Discuss a spectrum of vascular differential diagnoses for arm swelling in this setting, including stenosis of the access, draining vein complications, thrombosis, steal syndrome, and aneurysms, as well as several nonvascular causes. (4) Recognize findings that warrant further imaging evaluation or intervention.
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