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Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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List intonation in pre-schoolers with normal and disordered language development.

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Children with language impairment (LI) can produce list intonation similarly to typically developing peers. This suggests LI may stem from segmental processing issues, not grammar deficits.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Language impairment (LI) is often associated with grammatical deficits at the segmental level.
  • Debates exist regarding whether LI affects phonological processing at the suprasegmental level, such as intonation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate expressive intonation in preschool children with and without language impairment (LI).
  • To test the hypothesis that children with LI do not have deficits in grammar conveyed by intonation.

Main Methods:

  • Acoustic analysis of list intonation in 4-year-old children.
  • Comparison of intonation patterns between children with LI and children with normal language development (NL).

Main Results:

  • Children with LI produced list intonation comparable to children with NL.
  • Findings do not support the claim that LI arises from poor grammatical understanding.

Conclusions:

  • Language impairment (LI) may reflect an underlying impairment in segmental information processing rather than grammatical deficits.
  • Intonation's resilience in children with LI could be linked to signal characteristics (steady state vs. transient) and symbol meanings (universal vs. arbitrary).