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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Associative Learning01:27

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
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Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
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Causal learning in children.

David M Sobel1, Cristine H Legare2

  • 1Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science
|August 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children learn causal structure by integrating various theories, focusing on graphical models. Exploration and explanation are key computational elements in their causal learning processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Existing theories of causal learning in adults provide a foundation for understanding developmental processes.
  • Causal graphical models offer a computational framework for representing children's causal knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize theories of causal learning applicable to child development.
  • To explore the role of computational models, specifically causal graphical models, in describing children's causal knowledge.
  • To investigate the contributions of explanation and exploration to causal learning in children.
  • To examine social learning mechanisms and integrate computational and constructivist perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and theoretical synthesis of adult causal learning models.
  • Application of causal graphical models to represent children's causal knowledge.
  • Computational analysis of the roles of explanation and exploration in causal learning.
  • Examination of social learning and integration of computational and constructivist theories.

Main Results:

  • Causal graphical models provide a robust framework for understanding children's causal knowledge acquisition.
  • Both explanation and exploration are significant computational drivers of children's causal learning.
  • Children learn causal knowledge through social interactions, integrating diverse learning mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Children's causal learning is a complex process informed by multiple theoretical perspectives.
  • Computational approaches, particularly causal graphical models, are essential for understanding how children infer causal structures.
  • Integrating exploration, explanation, and social learning offers a comprehensive view of developmental causal learning.