The experience error and the perils of psychopsychology

'The stimuli were four similar yellow objects flashing on a white background'. These words might not raise eyebrows when read in a research paper, but they should, because they probably commit the experience error (EE), in which the structure of our percepts is attributed to the stimulus rather than to our perceptual system. These words are less a description of the physical stimulus than of how that stimulus appears to human observers. That is problematic because perception is often incomplete or illusory. When we commit the EE, we confuse the external, physical stimulus with a response, namely our perception of it. Thus, we may end up relating psychological responses to stimuli solely to our psychological descriptions of those stimuli. This in turn may transform psychophysics into 'psychopsychology' and thus inadvertently leave the physical world out of our explanation of perception; and it may potentially demote proper experiments to correlational studies that lack the capacity to support inferences about cause and effect. Identified long ago, the EE is nearly forgotten today. We aim to reintroduce, clarify, and illustrate the idea more clearly, as well as to suggest possible preventions or cures. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:509-517. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1302 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.