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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Somatosensation01:33

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
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Complex sensorimotor transformation processes required for response selection are facilitated by the striatum.

Ann-Kathrin Stock1, Vanessa Ness2, Christian Beste1

  • 1Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, D-01309 Dresden, Germany.

Neuroimage
|August 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The basal ganglia, particularly the striatum, are involved in anticipating and processing complex sensorimotor transformations during action cascading. This challenges previous understandings of basal ganglia function in motor control.

Keywords:
Action cascadingAction selectionSensorimotor transformationStriatumfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Fronto-parietal networks and basal ganglia are crucial for action cascading.
  • Cortical structures handle sensorimotor transformation, with the striatum modulated by input predictability.
  • The role of the striatum in processing spatial codes and sensorimotor transformations for action cascading remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the striatum is involved in processing spatial codes and sensorimotor transformations during action cascading.
  • To examine the influence of predictability and complexity on sensorimotor transformations within the basal ganglia.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed.
  • A stop-change task was utilized, manipulating predictability and complexity of sensorimotor transformations.
  • Behavioral data (reaction times) and fMRI data were collected and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Behaviorally, complex sensorimotor transformations only increased reaction times when predictable.
  • fMRI revealed enhanced caudate activity when complex sensorimotor transformations were anticipated.
  • The putamen showed involvement in predicting action cascading demands, regardless of transformation complexity.

Conclusions:

  • The striatum plays a role in anticipating and processing complex sensorimotor transformations relevant to action cascading.
  • Findings advance the understanding of basal ganglia function, highlighting the striatum's involvement beyond simple input modulation.
  • This research integrates basal ganglia into the sensorimotor transformation processes underlying action control.