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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Congenital hypothyroidism: recent advances.

Ari J Wassner1, Rosalind S Brown

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|August 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital hypothyroidism incidence has doubled due to broader screening and improved preterm infant survival. New research explores thyroid hormone synthesis defects and the impact of both deficiency and excess on cognitive development.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a critical condition affecting thyroid hormone production in newborns.
  • Newborn screening has significantly reduced intellectual disability associated with CH globally.
  • Recent advancements necessitate a review of CH epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent progress in understanding congenital hypothyroidism.
  • To highlight advances in its diagnosis, underlying mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on congenital hypothyroidism.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, genetic research, and clinical findings.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of CH has more than doubled, particularly in mildly affected infants and preterm neonates.
  • Delayed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) rise in premature infants requires careful follow-up screening.
  • Research has identified novel genetic factors in thyroid hormone synthesis, including dual oxidase system mutations and anoctamin 1.
  • Both congenital hypothyroidism and excess thyroid hormone exposure pose risks to cognitive development.

Conclusions:

  • Despite successful newborn screening, ongoing research is crucial for refining CH diagnosis and management.
  • New insights into CH pathophysiology and the neurodevelopmental impact of thyroid hormone levels are emerging.
  • Optimal management strategies for congenital hypothyroidism continue to evolve.