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Related Concept Videos

Standard Precaution01:26

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Preventing transfer of infectious agents.

Joachim Denner1, Nicolas J Mueller2

  • 1Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.

International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
|August 29, 2015
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Summary

Preventing zoonotic disease transmission in xenotransplantation requires rigorous screening of donor animals for infectious agents. This ensures safer pig organ transplantation compared to human transplants by identifying and eliminating risks before procedures.

Keywords:
Elimination programsHepatitis E virusPorcine circovirusesPorcine cytomegalovirusPorcine endogenous retrovirusesPorcine lymphotropic herpesvirusesVirus safetyXenotransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Transplantation Science
  • Infectious Disease Control

Background:

  • Xenotransplantation, using animal parts in humans, risks transmitting pig pathogens, potentially causing zoonotic diseases.
  • Ensuring the safety of xenotransplantation necessitates robust methods to detect and prevent the transfer of porcine infectious agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline strategies for screening donor animals to prevent zoonotic disease transmission in xenotransplantation.
  • To compare the safety of xenotransplantation with allotransplantation regarding infectious agent transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Implementing comprehensive screening programs for donor animals, detecting bacteria, viruses, and fungi using sensitive methods.
  • Utilizing experience from allotransplantation to identify potential zoonotic risks.
  • Employing animal selection, Caesarean sections, vaccination, and chemotherapeutics to minimize pathogen transmission.

Main Results:

  • Pigs can be screened extensively before transplantation, potentially making xenotransplantation safer than allotransplantation.
  • Specific strategies like animal selection and medical interventions can yield donor animals free from transmissible microorganisms.
  • Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) require additional measures, including selecting low-expression animals or genetic modification.

Conclusions:

  • Rigorous screening and preventative measures are crucial for the safe application of xenotransplantation.
  • Xenotransplantation safety can be enhanced through proactive management of infectious agents in donor animals.
  • Addressing challenges like PERVs is essential for advancing xenotransplantation as a viable medical option.