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Cis-acting determinants of paramutation.

Iris Hövel1, Nigel A Pearson1, Maike Stam1

  • 1Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|September 1, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paramutation involves heritable epigenetic changes between DNA sequences. Repeated DNA sequences, particularly tandem repeats, are key cis-acting determinants influencing these epigenetic modifications.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigeneticsHistone modificationsParamutationRdDMTandem repeats

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Plant and Animal Sciences

Background:

  • Paramutation is an epigenetic phenomenon involving trans-communication between homologous sequences.
  • This process results in meiotically heritable epigenetic changes at one allele.
  • Cis-acting determinants, including DNA sequences and epigenetic modifications, are crucial for paramutation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how DNA sequence characteristics influence paramutation occurrence and behavior.
  • To explore the role of cis-acting determinants in paramutation phenomena.
  • To discuss the mechanisms underlying epigenetic silencing triggered by sequence features.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on paramutation and epigenetic regulation.
  • Analysis of the association between paramutation and repetitive DNA sequences.
  • Examination of models involving RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways.

Main Results:

  • Paramutation is strongly linked to repeated DNA sequences, especially tandem repeats.
  • Cis-acting determinants composed of repeated sequences support involvement of RdDM (plants) and piRNA (animals).
  • siRNAs from paramutagenic loci can reinforce silencing in cis and initiate silencing in trans.

Conclusions:

  • Sequence characteristics and epigenetic modifications of cis-acting sequences are critical triggers for silencing machinery recruitment.
  • Understanding these sequence features provides insight into the regulation of epigenetic inheritance.
  • This review highlights the interplay between DNA sequence, epigenetics, and gene silencing.