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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Manipulating the Gut Microbiota: Methods and Challenges.

Aaron C Ericsson1, Craig L Franklin1

  • 1Aaron C. Ericsson, DVM, PhD, is a research assistant professor and Craig L. Franklin, DVM, PhD, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.

ILAR Journal
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manipulating the gut microbiota (GM) in animal models is crucial for understanding its role in health and disease. This review explores experimental techniques for altering the GM in mice and rats to study host-microbe interactions.

Keywords:
gut microbiotametagenomicsmicrobiomemodel phenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Eukaryotes host diverse microbial communities internally and externally.
  • The gut microbiota (GM), comprising trillions of bacteria, significantly impacts host health.
  • Culture-independent methods reveal GM's association with numerous diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental methods for manipulating the gut microbiota in animal models.
  • To guide researchers in selecting appropriate GM manipulation techniques.
  • To emphasize the importance of GM in disease phenotype studies using mice and rats.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various techniques for experimental gut microbiota manipulation.
  • Focus on methods applicable to mice and rats.
  • Discussion of advantages and drawbacks of each technique.

Main Results:

  • Several ingenious methods exist for experimentally altering the GM in research animals.
  • Each method offers unique insights but has limitations.
  • Understanding these methods is key to investigating causal GM roles.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental manipulation of the GM is essential for studying its causal role in disease.
  • Mice and rats are primary models for such investigations.
  • Choosing the right technique depends on the specific research question and desired outcomes.