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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
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Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale01:22

Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale

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The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero (or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics). Experiments confirm the existence of such a temperature, called absolute zero. An absolute temperature scale is one whose zero point is absolute zero. Such scales are convenient in science because several physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, are directly...
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Constant Pressure Calorimetry03:02

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Electron temperature and density probe for small aeronomy satellites.

K-I Oyama1, Y W Hsu1, G S Jiang1

  • 1Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

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|September 3, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new instrument, the TeNeP, measures electron temperature and density in the ionosphere. It is compact, low-power, and suitable for small satellites, overcoming limitations of traditional probes.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Aerospace Engineering

Background:

  • Ionospheric research requires accurate measurements of electron density and temperature.
  • Conventional DC Langmuir probes have limitations for small satellites due to surface area and contamination issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a compact, low-power instrument for measuring ionospheric electron temperature (T(e)) and density (N(e)).
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional probes for small satellite applications.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of an Electron Temperature Probe (ETP) by adding a frequency-controlling circuit.
  • Utilizing the floating potential shift of an electrode relative to the upper hybrid resonance frequency (f(UHR)).
  • Operating in low-frequency mode for T(e) and high-frequency mode for N(e).

Main Results:

  • The developed instrument, named TeNeP, successfully measures both electron temperature and density.
  • TeNeP is suitable for tiny satellites with limited conductive surface area.
  • The instrument mitigates satellite surface and sensor electrode contamination problems.

Conclusions:

  • The TeNeP instrument provides a viable solution for in-situ ionospheric plasma measurements on small satellites.
  • This technology enhances the capability for space weather monitoring and ionospheric research.