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Related Concept Videos

Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Teeth01:15

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

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Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries.

C Albert Yeung1, Lee Yee Chong, Anne-Marie Glenny

  • 1Department of Public Health, NHS Lanarkshire, Kirklands, Fallside Road, Bothwell, UK, G71 8BB.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|September 3, 2015
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Summary

Fluoridated milk may reduce dental caries in children. One study showed a significant reduction in primary teeth decay, but more high-quality research is needed due to limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Dental caries is a significant public health issue affecting a large percentage of children and adults.
  • Milk presents a potential cost-effective method for delivering fluoride to aid in dental caries prevention.
  • This review is an update of previous research on milk fluoridation first published in 2005.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of community-level milk fluoridation in preventing dental caries.
  • To assess the impact of fluoridated milk consumption on dental health outcomes in children.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases including Cochrane, MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to November 2014.
  • Included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a minimum two-year intervention and follow-up period.
  • Compared outcomes between groups consuming fluoridated milk versus non-fluoridated milk.

Main Results:

  • One unpublished RCT involving 180 children (166 analyzed) with high risk of bias was included.
  • A reduction in caries was observed in both permanent (MD -0.13) and primary teeth (MD -1.14) after three years.
  • The reduction in primary teeth caries represented a 31% prevented fraction; permanent teeth showed a small absolute effect.

Conclusions:

  • Low-quality evidence suggests fluoridated milk may benefit schoolchildren by reducing primary teeth caries.
  • The single study had methodological limitations, and no data on adverse events were reported.
  • High-quality RCTs are necessary to confirm the benefits and safety of milk fluoridation.