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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
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Chlorine-Free Red-Burning Pyrotechnics.

Jesse J Sabatini1, Ernst-Christian Koch2, Jay C Poret3

  • 1US Army Research Laboratory, Energetics Technology Branch, Maryland, 21005 (USA). jesse.j.sabatini.civ@mail.mil.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|September 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a novel chlorine-free red pyrotechnic illuminant achieving high luminosity and spectral purity. New formulations avoid hazardous byproducts, impacting military and commercial applications.

Keywords:
energetic materialsilluminationpyrotechnicsred flamessustainable chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Pyrotechnics
  • Materials Science
  • Combustion Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional red pyrotechnics often rely on chlorine-containing compounds, leading to undesirable emissions.
  • Strontium compounds are key for red light emission, but controlling their combustion products is challenging.
  • Formation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs is a significant environmental concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-luminosity, spectrally pure red pyrotechnic illuminant without chlorine.
  • To investigate novel deoxidizers for controlling strontium oxide (SrO) emissions.
  • To eliminate the risk of hazardous byproduct formation in pyrotechnic compositions.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated Mg/Sr(NO3)2/Epon-binder compositions with novel deoxidizers (5-amino-1H-tetrazole or hexamine).
  • Analyzed combustion products to ensure red-light emission solely from transient SrOH(g).
  • Evaluated thermal properties, including onset temperatures, of the new formulations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved pure red-light emission primarily from transient strontium hydroxide (SrOH(g)).
  • Successfully reduced condensed and gaseous strontium oxide (SrO) formation, minimizing orange-red light.
  • New formulations exhibited high thermal onset temperatures, indicating stability.
  • Eliminated chlorine, thereby preventing the formation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).

Conclusions:

  • Developed a viable chlorine-free red pyrotechnic illuminant with high luminosity and spectral purity.
  • The use of specific deoxidizers effectively controls combustion pathways for desired light emission.
  • This advancement offers significant environmental and safety benefits for pyrotechnic applications.