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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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From paramutation to human disease: RNA-mediated heredity.

Minoo Rassoulzadegan1, François Cuzin1

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Epigenetic variation, a stable change in gene expression, can be passed to offspring. Noncoding RNA molecules play a key role in this transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in mice and humans.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic variation involves stable alterations in gene expression during development.
  • Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns are observed in some epigenetic variations.
  • Noncoding RNA molecules are implicated as inducers in hereditary epigenetic transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare known modes of transgenerational epigenetic variation.
  • To explore the role of noncoding RNAs in epigenetic inheritance.
  • To understand the general roles of epigenetic variations in response to genetic and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of epigenetic variation studies.
  • Review of literature on noncoding RNA-mediated inheritance.
  • Examination of models for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.

Main Results:

  • Noncoding RNA molecules are identified as key inducers in specific modes of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
  • Epigenetic variations can be initiated in response to genetic and environmental changes.
  • Mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance show similarities and differences between mice and humans.

Conclusions:

  • Transgenerational epigenetic variation is a complex phenomenon involving noncoding RNAs.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending development and inheritance.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the enigmatic roles of epigenetic variations.