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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Cardiac Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Using Conductance Catheters in Mice
Published on: September 17, 2015
Evaluation and correlation of the physicochemical properties of carvedilol
Josyane Márcia Vasconcelos Alves1,2, Livia Deris Prado3, Helvécio Vinícius Antunes Rocha2,4
1a Departamento de Desenvolvimento Farmacotécnico , Medquímica Indústria Farmacêutica S/A , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Abstract:
Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug with non-selective blockade (moderate selectivity for β1 and β2 adrenoceptors) and vasodilating properties due to α receptor blockade. Its molecule has one chiral centre; therefore, the drug has two enantiomers. Furthermore, it presents different polymorphs depending on the synthesis route and crystallization procedure. Carvedilol is a weak base that is substantially insoluble in water, acidic solutions, and gastric and intestinal fluids; it is classified as a Class II drug in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. The solubility of carvedilol varies according to the solvent pH. This study aimed to evaluate and correlate the physicochemical and processability properties of carvedilol. Samples of the active ingredient from three different manufacturers were characterized according to their flowability, particle size and apparent density and using microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic dissolution and powder dissolution tests. It was determined that the tested samples presented the same polymorphic form, did not present good flowability, and presented different particle size distributions. The tests to evaluate flowability and compressibility were shown to be discriminative, and slight differences among the samples were noted.
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