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Circulating DNA in solid organ cancers-analysis and clinical application.

E Karampini1, F McCaughan2,3

  • 1From the 1Department of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK and.

QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians
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Summary

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shows promise as a non-invasive biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring solid organ malignancies. Advances in biotechnology enable precise detection and quantification of ctDNA for improved cancer management.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is cancer-derived DNA found in blood, historically used for hematological malignancies.
  • Epithelial malignancies also shed DNA into the blood, though typically in minor amounts compared to cell-free DNA.
  • Biotechnology advancements have improved the detection and interpretation of genetic events, renewing interest in ctDNA for solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on analytical approaches for ctDNA.
  • To summarize the potential clinical applications of ctDNA analysis.
  • To highlight the role of ctDNA in solid organ malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of analytical approaches for ctDNA.
  • Summary of existing evidence on ctDNA clinical applications.
  • Focus on ctDNA detection, quantification, and interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Increasing evidence supports ctDNA analysis for clinical decisions in specific patient subgroups, especially with hotspot mutations.
  • Lung and colorectal cancers show particular promise for routine ctDNA analysis.
  • Technological advancements are refining ctDNA's utility across all cancer management stages.

Conclusions:

  • ctDNA is a valuable non-invasive biomarker for cancer diagnosis and monitoring.
  • Routine ctDNA analysis is becoming increasingly relevant for clinical decision-making in certain cancers.
  • Continued technological progress will expand the application of ctDNA in comprehensive cancer care.