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Related Concept Videos

Production of Organic Acids01:25

Production of Organic Acids

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Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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Flow "Fine" Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods.

Shū Kobayashi1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. shu_kobayashi@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|September 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Flow chemistry enables high-yield, selective organic synthesis for complex molecules like natural products and APIs. This sustainable manufacturing approach offers environmental, efficiency, and safety benefits over traditional batch methods.

Keywords:
efficiencyflow chemistryflow fine synthesismultistep flow synthesisorganic synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Sustainable Manufacturing

Background:

  • Traditional batch methods are common for synthesizing complex organic molecules like natural products and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).
  • Flow chemistry, or continuous flow synthesis, has historically been considered more suitable for simple gas production than for complex molecule synthesis.
  • Batch synthesis presents challenges in terms of environmental impact, efficiency, and safety compared to potential flow methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the concept of flow "fine" synthesis, emphasizing high yield and selectivity.
  • To discuss examples of flow "fine" synthesis applied to natural products and APIs.
  • To highlight the advantages of flow methods over batch methods for greener and more efficient chemical manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of existing literature on flow chemistry techniques.
  • Presentation of case studies involving the synthesis of natural products and APIs using flow reactors.
  • Comparative analysis of flow versus batch synthesis in terms of yield, selectivity, safety, and environmental impact.

Main Results:

  • Flow methods are increasingly achieving high yields and selectivities in organic synthesis, even for complex molecules.
  • Flow "fine" synthesis demonstrates significant advantages in environmental compatibility, process efficiency, and operational safety.
  • Examples illustrate the successful application of flow chemistry to the production of valuable natural products and APIs.

Conclusions:

  • Flow chemistry represents a promising next-generation manufacturing technology for sustainable chemical production.
  • The successful synthesis of complex molecules via flow methods challenges previous limitations and opens new avenues for API and natural product manufacturing.
  • Flow "fine" synthesis offers a viable and advantageous alternative to traditional batch processes, addressing environmental concerns and enhancing production capabilities.