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Related Concept Videos

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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How to operate a nuclear pore complex by Kap-centric control.

Roderick Y H Lim1, Binlu Huang1, Larisa E Kapinos1

  • 1a Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute; University of Basel ; Basel, Switzerland.

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)
|September 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) control cell transport. Karyopherin (Kap) receptors actively regulate NPC selectivity and speed, reinforcing the barrier and enabling faster transport kinetics.

Keywords:
FG NucleoporinKaryopherinNuclear pore complexNucleocytoplasmic transport

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport in eukaryotic cells.
  • FG nucleoporins (FG Nups) form a barrier within NPCs, regulating molecular passage.
  • Existing models suggest FG Nups primarily control NPC transport selectivity and speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a "Kap-centric" model for NPC transport.
  • To investigate the active role of karyopherin (Kap) receptors in regulating NPC function.
  • To reconcile mechanistic and kinetic requirements of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual review and theoretical modeling.
  • Analysis of existing experimental data on NPC transport.
  • Comparative analysis of FG-Nup-centric vs. Kap-centric models.

Main Results:

  • Kaps are likely present at NPCs at high occupancy due to their numbers relative to NPCs.
  • Kaps actively participate in regulating NPC selectivity and transport speed.
  • Kap-centric control offers a framework that aligns mechanistic and kinetic observations.

Conclusions:

  • Karyopherin receptors play a crucial, active role in nuclear pore complex transport.
  • Kap-centric control provides a more comprehensive explanation for NPC function than FG-Nup-centric models alone.
  • Kaps fine-tune the NPC microenvironment, optimizing nucleocytoplasmic transport based on cellular needs.