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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

14.3K
The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

9.0K
The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
9.0K
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

7.9K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
7.9K
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

15.9K
Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
15.9K
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

392

Skull base development and craniosynostosis.

Susan I Blaser1, Nancy Padfield, David Chitayat

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada, susan.blaser@sickkids.ca.

Pediatric Radiology
|September 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Abnormal skull shapes, including positional plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis, require imaging for diagnosis and management. Imaging helps identify suture fusion, brain anomalies, and complications, guiding treatment for craniofacial deformities.

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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Craniofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Abnormal skull shapes, such as positional plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis, are common clinical findings.
  • Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of skull sutures, leading to predictable phenotypes in single-suture cases and complex patterns in syndromic subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the role of imaging in diagnosing and managing craniofacial deformities.
  • To detail the diagnostic utility of various imaging modalities for craniosynostosis and associated intracranial pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical assessment followed by imaging evaluation.
  • Imaging techniques include radiographs, ultrasound, low-dose CT with 3D reformats, MRI, and nuclear medicine brain imaging.
  • CT or MR venography and catheter angiography are used to map venous drainage.

Main Results:

  • Imaging defines the site and extent of craniosynostosis and identifies underlying brain anomalies.
  • Pre- and postoperative complications, such as intracranial hypertension, jugular foraminal stenosis, and Chiari 1 malformations, can be detected.
  • Collateral venous drainage patterns are assessed preoperatively.

Conclusions:

  • Imaging is crucial for comprehensive evaluation and management of craniofacial deformities.
  • A multi-modal imaging approach is essential for accurate diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of complications in craniosynostosis.