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Candida Biofilms: Development, Architecture, and Resistance
Jyotsna Chandra1, Pranab K Mukherjee1
1Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.
Abstract:
Intravascular device-related infections are often associated with biofilms (microbial communities encased within a polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrix) formed by pathogens on the surfaces of these devices. Candida species are the most common fungi isolated from catheter-, denture-, and voice prosthesis-associated infections and also are commonly isolated from contact lens-related infections (e.g., fungal keratitis). These biofilms exhibit decreased susceptibility to most antimicrobial agents, which contributes to the persistence of infection. Recent technological advances have facilitated the development of novel approaches to investigate the formation of biofilms and identify specific markers for biofilms. These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the effect of different variables, including growth time, nutrients, and physiological conditions, on biofilm formation, morphology, and architecture. In this article, we will focus on fungal biofilms (mainly Candida biofilms) and provide an update on the development, architecture, and resistance mechanisms of biofilms.
Insights
Fungal biofilms, particularly Candida biofilms, are microbial communities on medical devices that resist antimicrobial agents. This review updates knowledge on their development, structure, and resistance mechanisms.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Biotechnology
Background:
- Intravascular device-related infections are frequently linked to microbial biofilms.
- Candida species are primary fungal pathogens forming biofilms on medical devices and in infections like fungal keratitis.
- Biofilms exhibit reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials, leading to persistent infections.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an updated overview of fungal biofilms, with a focus on Candida species.
- To discuss the development, architecture, and resistance mechanisms of these biofilms.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent technological advancements in biofilm research.
- Analysis of studies investigating factors influencing biofilm formation (growth time, nutrients, physiological conditions).
- Synthesis of current knowledge on fungal biofilm characteristics.
Main Results:
- Biofilm formation is influenced by various environmental and physiological factors.
- Candida biofilms display complex architecture and specific resistance mechanisms.
- Novel approaches are enhancing the understanding of biofilm development and markers.
Conclusions:
- Fungal biofilms pose significant challenges in treating device-related infections.
- Understanding biofilm development and resistance is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.
- Continued research is essential for combating persistent fungal biofilm infections.
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