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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy
05:25

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

Published on: October 24, 2025

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Non-Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.

Grzegorz Buła, Ryszard Mucha, Michał Paliga

    Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny
    |September 10, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    The non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (Non-RLN) is a rare anatomical variation. This study found it occurs more frequently on the right side, necessitating surgeon awareness during thyroid and parathyroid surgery.

    Area of Science:

    • Anatomy
    • Surgical Anatomy
    • Vascular Anatomy

    Background:

    • The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) typically follows a predictable anatomical course.
    • Anatomical variations can pose challenges during head and neck surgeries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the frequency of the non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (Non-RLN).
    • To document the side of occurrence for Non-RLN.
    • To highlight the clinical significance of Non-RLN during surgery.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 6110 patients undergoing surgery for goiters or hyperparathyroidism.
    • Intraoperative exposure of the laryngeal nerve in 1700 patients.
    • Detailed identification of the RLN course from the chest to the larynx, including dissection of the inferior thyroid artery.

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    Nerve Stimulator-guided Injection of Autologous Stem Cells Near the Equine Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
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    Main Results:

    • The non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (Non-RLN) was identified in 0.1% of cases (4 out of 3100 dissected nerves).
    • Non-RLN occurred exclusively on the right side in all identified cases.
    • The majority of patients (82.4%) had bilateral RLN exposure, and 17.6% had unilateral exposure.

    Conclusions:

    • The non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (Non-RLN) is a rare anatomical variation, predominantly found on the right side.
    • Surgeons performing thyroid and parathyroid procedures must be aware of this variation to prevent iatrogenic injury.
    • Understanding the prevalence and laterality of Non-RLN is crucial for surgical safety.