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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
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Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Vaccinations01:51

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Incidence of Recurrent Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Canada.

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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

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Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Immunocompromised Persons: Implications for Vaccination Programs.

Altynay Shigayeva1, Wallis Rudnick2, Karen Green1

  • 1Mount Sinai Hospital.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|September 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Immunocompromised individuals face a higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Vaccination with PCV13 in adults and herd immunity from PCV7 in children significantly reduced IPD burden in this vulnerable group.

Keywords:
IPDimmunocompromisedpneumococcal vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) poses a significant threat, particularly to immunocompromised individuals.
  • A 2012/2013 recommendation introduced a single dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for immunocompromised adults in the US and Canada.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the serotype-specific burden of IPD among immunocompromised individuals.
  • To evaluate the impact of pneumococcal vaccination programs on IPD incidence in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based surveillance for IPD was conducted in Toronto and Peel Region, Canada (1995-2012).
  • Disease incidence, case fatality, and serotype distribution were analyzed in immunocompromised populations over time.

Main Results:

  • Immunocompromised individuals accounted for 28% of all IPD cases.
  • IPD incidence was 12-fold higher in immunocompromised compared to immunocompetent individuals, with increased case fatality.
  • Significant declines in IPD were observed following PPV23 implementation and PCV7 introduction, with PCV7 serotype IPD decreasing by 90%.

Conclusions:

  • Both PPV23 vaccination and herd immunity from pediatric PCV7 contributed to reduced IPD in immunocompromised populations.
  • PCV13 vaccination for immunocompromised adults is recommended to further decrease the residual IPD burden.