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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

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Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
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The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
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Update on Autoimmune Hepatitis.

Rodrigo Liberal1, Diego Vergani1, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani1

  • 1Paediatric Liver, GI & Nutrition Centre and Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK.

Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
|September 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a liver disease diagnosed by autoantibodies. Effective treatments like immunosuppressants offer long-term survival for most patients with AIH.

Keywords:
AutoantibodiesAutoimmune hepatitisImmunogeneticsImmunosuppresionRegulatory T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an inflammatory liver disorder affecting children and adults.
  • It is characterized by specific autoantibodies, elevated liver enzymes, and immunoglobulin G levels.
  • Two types, AIH type 1 and AIH type 2, are defined by distinct autoantibody profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
  • To discuss diagnostic criteria, including seropositivity for specific autoantibodies.
  • To outline current and potential future therapeutic strategies for AIH.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
  • Classification of AIH based on serological markers (smooth muscle antibody, antinuclear antibody, anti-LKM1).
  • Analysis of treatment responses to immunosuppressive therapies.

Main Results:

  • AIH type 1 is common in adults and children; AIH type 2 predominantly affects children.
  • Most AIH patients respond well to immunosuppressive treatment (prednisolone, azathioprine).
  • Alternative treatments like mycophenolate mofetil and calcineurin inhibitors are options for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • AIH requires consideration in patients with elevated liver enzymes.
  • Understanding AIH pathogenesis, involving genetic and immune factors, is crucial for novel therapies.
  • Future treatments may involve advanced immunotherapies like regulatory T-cell transfer to restore self-tolerance.