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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Spectrophotometry: Introduction01:16

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

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Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
The essential components of a spectrophotometer include a source of electromagnetic radiation, a slot for placing a material to be analyzed, and a...
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems01:32

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

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Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
One of the factors influencing λmax is the extent of conjugation in...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

1.8K
A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law01:09

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

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The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and concentration, which combines the principles established by scientists Johann Heinrich Lambert and August Beer. Lambert's law states that when light passes through a medium, the loss in intensity is directly proportional to the original intensity and the path length of the light. Beer's law proposed that the transmittance of a solution remains constant if the product of concentration and path length is constant. The modern...
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Evaluation of complex gonioapparent samples using a bidirectional spectrometer.

Nina Rogelj, Niko Penttinen, Marta Klanjšek Gunde

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    A new bidirectional spectrometer analyzes optically variable devices (OVDs) by measuring complex light diffraction effects. This advanced instrument accurately characterizes gonioapparent targets used in security and authentication applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Gonioapparent targets, crucial for security and authentication, exhibit appearance changes based on viewing and irradiation angles, primarily due to light diffraction.
    • Optically Variable Devices (OVDs) are widely employed for anti-counterfeiting and verification due to their angle-dependent optical properties.
    • Characterizing complex spectral and angular reflection properties of OVDs requires sophisticated measurement instrumentation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and evaluate a novel bidirectional spectrometer designed for analyzing samples with complex angular and spectral properties.
    • To demonstrate the spectrometer's capability in characterizing diverse reflecting surfaces, including OVDs with multiple grating patches.
    • To provide accurate grating period calculations and sRGB visualizations for evaluated samples.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and utilization of a bidirectional spectrometer with high angular resolution (0.01° steps).
    • Evaluation of samples exhibiting varied spectral and angular reflection distributions.
    • Automated exposure time adjustment for maximizing signal dynamics during measurements.
    • Analysis of an OVD featuring multiple distinct grating patches.

    Main Results:

    • The bidirectional spectrometer successfully characterized samples with highly complex spectral and angular reflection properties.
    • Accurate grating period calculations were achieved for all grating samples.
    • The device demonstrated capability in analyzing intricate OVDs, even with 2° detector movement steps.
    • sRGB visualizations and discussion of bidirectional reflection properties were presented.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed bidirectional spectrometer is highly effective for characterizing complex reflecting surfaces and OVDs.
    • The instrument's precision and automated features enable detailed analysis of angle-dependent optical properties.
    • This technology advances the metrology for security features and optical materials.