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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
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Cesarean section and disease associated with immune function.

Kim Kristensen1, Lonny Henriksen2

  • 1Pediatric Department, University Hospital Naestved, Naestved, Denmark.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|September 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cesarean delivery (CS) increases offspring immune-related disease risk. Acute CS is linked to ulcerative colitis and celiac disease, while elective CS is associated with respiratory infections and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Keywords:
Cesarean sectionasthmaceliac diseasegastroenteritisimmune functionjuvenile arthritislaryngitismicrobiomemicrobiotapneumoniaulcerative colitis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cesarean section (CS) is linked to increased offspring immune-related diseases.
  • Previous studies often did not differentiate between acute and elective CS.
  • Understanding these distinctions is crucial for assessing infant health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between acute and elective cesarean delivery and specific immune-related diseases in offspring.
  • To compare the risks associated with acute CS versus elective CS, using vaginal delivery as a reference.

Main Methods:

  • Population- and national register-based cohort study in Denmark (1997-2012).
  • Included 750,569 children aged 0-14 years.
  • Used Cox regression, adjusting for multiple confounding factors.

Main Results:

  • Both acute and elective CS increased risks for asthma, laryngitis, and gastroenteritis.
  • Acute CS was associated with higher risks of ulcerative colitis and celiac disease.
  • Elective CS showed increased risks for lower respiratory tract infection and juvenile idiopathic arthritis; its effect on asthma risk was greater than acute CS.

Conclusions:

  • Cesarean delivery is associated with an elevated risk of immune-related diseases in children.
  • The observed effects primarily impact diseases involving the mucosal immune system.
  • Distinguishing between acute and elective CS provides a more nuanced understanding of these risks.