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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
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Population Level Purifying Selection and Gene Expression Shape Subgenome Evolution in Maize.

Saurabh D Pophaly1, Aurélien Tellier2

  • 1Section of Population Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany pophaly@wzw.tum.de.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|September 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maize gene duplicates show expression divergence, with dominant genes experiencing stronger purifying selection. This expression bias, not subgenome location, better explains genetic diversity patterns after whole-genome duplication.

Keywords:
DoFEgene expressionpurifying selectionwhole-genome duplication

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Maize (Zea mays) underwent a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD), resulting in two subgenomes with differential gene loss.
  • Understanding gene evolution and selection pressure on paralogs post-WGD is crucial for maize genetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate purifying selection and gene expression divergence in maize whole-genome duplication (WGD) retained paralog pairs.
  • To determine factors influencing nucleotide diversity and selection strength in paralogous genes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of extensive maize polymorphism and gene expression data.
  • Comparison of nucleotide diversity and purifying selection between duplicate gene pairs.
  • Assessment of gene expression patterns across tissues to identify subfunctionalization or divergence.

Main Results:

  • Strong correlation in nucleotide diversity between paralogs, with exceptions in upstream regions.
  • Maize1 subgenome genes exhibit stronger purifying selection than maize2 subgenome genes.
  • 98% of duplicate pairs show tissue-specific subfunctionalization or consistent expression divergence, preventing functional complementation.
  • Dominant gene expression strongly influences purifying selection strength, explaining stronger negative selection on maize1 genes.
  • Upstream regions of repressed genes are enriched in transposable elements, suggesting a role in expression divergence.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression patterns, particularly dominance, are more predictive of polymorphism than subgenome location for WGD paralogs.
  • A novel expression-based classification of duplicates offers a robust framework for understanding evolutionary dynamics.
  • Transposable elements may play a role in regulating expression divergence between maize gene duplicates.