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Extensive fitness and human cooperation.

J H van Hateren1

  • 1Johann Bernouilli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 407, 9700 AK, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.h.van.hateren@rug.nl.

Theory in Biosciences = Theorie in Den Biowissenschaften
|September 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Extensive fitness, a new evolutionary concept, incorporates producing similar phenotypes and outcompetes inclusive fitness. This mechanism drives evolution by internal fitness estimates, especially in humans.

Keywords:
AgencyCooperationExtensive fitnessHuman evolutionInclusive fitness

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Behavioral genetics

Background:

  • Organism fitness, the rate of reproduction, is key to evolution.
  • Inclusive fitness enhances reproduction indirectly through kin selection.
  • Existing models focus on genetic relatedness for indirect fitness benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define extensive fitness as an evolved mechanism.
  • To explore how extensive fitness incorporates phenotypic similarity.
  • To model and compare the evolvability of extensive versus inclusive fitness.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational model integrating heredity and behavior.
  • Implemented inclusive fitness via similar heredity subpopulations.
  • Implemented extensive fitness via similar phenotype subpopulations, with nonlinear fitness increases.

Main Results:

  • Extensive fitness populations consistently outcompeted inclusive fitness populations.
  • Phenotypic similarity drives larger group sizes, leading to greater fitness gains.
  • Extensive fitness has direct (inducing similarity) and indirect (cooperating with similar others) components.

Conclusions:

  • Extensive fitness represents a significant elaboration on inclusive fitness, particularly in humans.
  • Phenotypic similarity can be a powerful driver of evolutionary success.
  • Internal fitness estimation mechanisms may underlie agency and goal-directed behavior.